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The Development of Multi-scale Data Management for CityGML-based 3D Buildings
Corresponding Author(s) : Hairi Karim
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
The CityGML model is now the norm for smart city or digital twin city development for better planning, management, risk-related modelling and other applications. CityGML comes with five levels of detail (LoD), mainly constructed from point cloud measurements and images of several systems, resulting in a variety of accuracies and detailed models. The LoDs, also known as pre-defined multi-scale models, require large storage-memory-graphic consumption compared to single scale models. Furthermore, these multi-scales have redundancy in geometries, attributes, are costly in terms of time and workload in updating tasks, and are difficult to view in a single viewer. It is essential for data owners to engage with a suitable multi-scale spatial management solution in minimizes the drawbacks of the current implementation. The proper construction, control and management of multi-scale models are needed to encourage and expedite data sharing among data owners, agencies, stakeholders and public users for efficient information retrieval and analyses. This paper discusses the construction of the CityGML model with different LoDs using several datasets. A scale unique ID is introduced to connect all respective LoDs for cross-LoD information queries within a single viewer. The paper also highlights the benefits of intermediate outputs and limitations of the proposed solution, as well as suggestions for the future.
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- Strzalka A., Alam N., Duminil E., Coors V., Eicker U.: Large scale integration of photovoltaics in cities. Applied Energy, vol. 93, 2012, pp. 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.033.
- Biljecki F., Ledoux H., Stoter J.: An improved LOD specification for 3D building models. Computers Environment and Urban Systems, vol. 59, 2016, pp. 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.005.
- Halim A.N.Z, Lim C.K., Karim H.: Developing a 3D City Model Database Beyond Cadastral Purposes. GGT 2021, Shah Alam, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 767(1), 2021, 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/767/1/012027.
- Bin Isa M.N., Hua T.C., Binti Abdul Halim N.Z.: Smartkadaster: Observing Beyond Traditional Cadaster Capabilities for Malaysia. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XL-2/W4, 2015, pp. 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-2-W4-53-2015.
- Karim H., Abdul Rahman A., Mohd Salleh M.R.: Multi-scale and Scale Dimension Properties in Spatial Raster Modelling – Concept and Current Implementation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-4/W16, 2019, pp. 339–345. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W16-339-2019.
- Karim H., Rahman A.A., Boguslawski P.: Generalisation Technique for 2D+Scale DHE Data Model. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-2/W1, 2016, pp. 61–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W1-61-2016.
- Colucci E., De Ruvo V., Lingua A., Matrone F., Rizzo G.: HBIM-GIS Integration: From IFC to CityGML Standard for Damaged Cultural Heritage in Multiscale 3D GIS. Applied Sciences, vol. 10(4), 2020, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041356.
- He S., Besuievksy G., Tourre V., Patow G., Moreau G.: All range and hetero- geneous multi-scale 3D city models. Usage, Usability, and Utility of 3D City Models, 2012 02006. https://doi.org/10.1051/3u3d/201202006.
- Breunig M., Borrmann A., Rank E., Hinz S., Kolbe T., Schilcher M., Mun- dani R.-P., Jubierre J.R., Flurl M., Thomsen A., Donaubauer A., Ji Y., Ur- ban S., Laun S., Vilgertshofer S., Willenborg B., Menninghaus M., Steuer H., Wursthorn S., Leitloff J., Al-Doori M., Mazroobsemnani N.: Collaborative Multi-Scale 3D City and Infrastructure Modeling and Simulation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-4/W4, 2017, pp. 341–352. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W4-341-2017.
- Pepe M., Costantino D., Alfio V.S., Angelini M.G., Restuccia Garofalo A.: A CityGML Multiscale Approach for the Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Old Town of Taranto (Italy). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(7), 2020, 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070449.
- Gröger G., Kolbe T.H., Nagel C., Häfele K.: OGC City Geography Markup Lan- guage (CityGML) Encoding Standard. 2012.
- Salleh S., Ujang U., Azri S.: Virtual 3D Campus for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 10(6), 2021, 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060356.
- Beil C., Ruhdorfer R., Coduro T., Kolbe T.H.: Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(10), 2020, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100603.
- Shen J., Zhou J., Zhou J., Herman L., Reznik T.: Constructing the CityGML ADE for the Multi-Source Data Integration of Urban Flooding. ISPRS International Jour- nal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(6), 2020, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060359.
- Halim N., Chan K.: SmartKADASTER Interactive Portal (SKiP), is it fit for purpose? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 540, no. 1, 2020, 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/540/1/012025.
- Preka D., Doulamis A.: 3D Building Modeling in LoD2 using the CityGML Standard. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 42, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W2-11-2016.
- Biljecki F., Ledoux H., Stoter J., Vosselman G.: The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 116, 2016, pp. 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.003.
- Lei Tang L., Ying S., Li L., Biljecki F., Zhu H., Zhu Y., Yang F., Su F.: An application-driven LOD modeling paradigm for 3D building models. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 161, 2020, pp. 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.019.
- Ohori K.A., Biljecki F., Kumar K., Ledoux H., Stoter J.: Modeling cities and landscapes in 3D with CityGML. [in:] Building Information Modeling, Springer, 2018, pp. 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92862-3_11.
- Rahman A.A., Karim H., Jamali A., Buyuksalih G., Bayburt S.: Conceptual Framework Towards Unified 3D Topological Modelling and Visualization Based on CityGML. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG Congress 2018), Istanbul, Turkey, 2018.
- Watt A., Eng N.: Database Design – 2nd Edition. BCCampus, Victoria, B.C. 2014. https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/.
- Kolbe T.H.: Representing and exchanging 3D city models with CityGML.
- [in:] Lee J., Zlatanova S. (eds.), 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer, 2009, pp. 15–31.
- Kutzner T., Kanishk Chaturvedi K., Kolbe T.H.: CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications. PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, vol. 88, 2020, pp. 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-020-00095-z.
References
Strzalka A., Alam N., Duminil E., Coors V., Eicker U.: Large scale integration of photovoltaics in cities. Applied Energy, vol. 93, 2012, pp. 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.033.
Biljecki F., Ledoux H., Stoter J.: An improved LOD specification for 3D building models. Computers Environment and Urban Systems, vol. 59, 2016, pp. 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.005.
Halim A.N.Z, Lim C.K., Karim H.: Developing a 3D City Model Database Beyond Cadastral Purposes. GGT 2021, Shah Alam, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 767(1), 2021, 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/767/1/012027.
Bin Isa M.N., Hua T.C., Binti Abdul Halim N.Z.: Smartkadaster: Observing Beyond Traditional Cadaster Capabilities for Malaysia. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XL-2/W4, 2015, pp. 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-2-W4-53-2015.
Karim H., Abdul Rahman A., Mohd Salleh M.R.: Multi-scale and Scale Dimension Properties in Spatial Raster Modelling – Concept and Current Implementation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-4/W16, 2019, pp. 339–345. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W16-339-2019.
Karim H., Rahman A.A., Boguslawski P.: Generalisation Technique for 2D+Scale DHE Data Model. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-2/W1, 2016, pp. 61–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W1-61-2016.
Colucci E., De Ruvo V., Lingua A., Matrone F., Rizzo G.: HBIM-GIS Integration: From IFC to CityGML Standard for Damaged Cultural Heritage in Multiscale 3D GIS. Applied Sciences, vol. 10(4), 2020, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041356.
He S., Besuievksy G., Tourre V., Patow G., Moreau G.: All range and hetero- geneous multi-scale 3D city models. Usage, Usability, and Utility of 3D City Models, 2012 02006. https://doi.org/10.1051/3u3d/201202006.
Breunig M., Borrmann A., Rank E., Hinz S., Kolbe T., Schilcher M., Mun- dani R.-P., Jubierre J.R., Flurl M., Thomsen A., Donaubauer A., Ji Y., Ur- ban S., Laun S., Vilgertshofer S., Willenborg B., Menninghaus M., Steuer H., Wursthorn S., Leitloff J., Al-Doori M., Mazroobsemnani N.: Collaborative Multi-Scale 3D City and Infrastructure Modeling and Simulation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLII-4/W4, 2017, pp. 341–352. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W4-341-2017.
Pepe M., Costantino D., Alfio V.S., Angelini M.G., Restuccia Garofalo A.: A CityGML Multiscale Approach for the Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Old Town of Taranto (Italy). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(7), 2020, 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070449.
Gröger G., Kolbe T.H., Nagel C., Häfele K.: OGC City Geography Markup Lan- guage (CityGML) Encoding Standard. 2012.
Salleh S., Ujang U., Azri S.: Virtual 3D Campus for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 10(6), 2021, 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060356.
Beil C., Ruhdorfer R., Coduro T., Kolbe T.H.: Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(10), 2020, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100603.
Shen J., Zhou J., Zhou J., Herman L., Reznik T.: Constructing the CityGML ADE for the Multi-Source Data Integration of Urban Flooding. ISPRS International Jour- nal of Geo-Information, vol. 9(6), 2020, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060359.
Halim N., Chan K.: SmartKADASTER Interactive Portal (SKiP), is it fit for purpose? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 540, no. 1, 2020, 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/540/1/012025.
Preka D., Doulamis A.: 3D Building Modeling in LoD2 using the CityGML Standard. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 42, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W2-11-2016.
Biljecki F., Ledoux H., Stoter J., Vosselman G.: The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 116, 2016, pp. 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.003.
Lei Tang L., Ying S., Li L., Biljecki F., Zhu H., Zhu Y., Yang F., Su F.: An application-driven LOD modeling paradigm for 3D building models. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 161, 2020, pp. 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.019.
Ohori K.A., Biljecki F., Kumar K., Ledoux H., Stoter J.: Modeling cities and landscapes in 3D with CityGML. [in:] Building Information Modeling, Springer, 2018, pp. 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92862-3_11.
Rahman A.A., Karim H., Jamali A., Buyuksalih G., Bayburt S.: Conceptual Framework Towards Unified 3D Topological Modelling and Visualization Based on CityGML. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG Congress 2018), Istanbul, Turkey, 2018.
Watt A., Eng N.: Database Design – 2nd Edition. BCCampus, Victoria, B.C. 2014. https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/.
Kolbe T.H.: Representing and exchanging 3D city models with CityGML.
[in:] Lee J., Zlatanova S. (eds.), 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer, 2009, pp. 15–31.
Kutzner T., Kanishk Chaturvedi K., Kolbe T.H.: CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications. PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, vol. 88, 2020, pp. 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-020-00095-z.