Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 16, no. 1

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

Date Log

Submitted
Jul 13, 2021
Accepted
Oct 29, 2021
Published
Nov 29, 2021
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Detection of Outlier Observations in Piezometric Measurements: A Case Study in the Southern Region of Poland

https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2022.16.1.95
Stanisław Lach
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Krakow, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6378-7838

Corresponding Author(s) : Stanisław Lach

slach@agh.edu.pl

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

Abstract

One of the main modes of monitoring the geotechnical conditions of earth dams is piezometric measurement, which measures water levels in an open piezometer or water pressure in a closed piezometer. During piezometric measurements, various types of factors can cause disturbances in these measurements that take the form of systematic, accidental, or obvious mistakes. Before measurements from open or closed piezometers are analyzed, outliers due to coarse errors should be detected and rejected. Such observations may significantly influence the result of the analysis and cause erroneous assessment and interpretation of the phenomenon studied. To do this, statistical tests must be applied so that the doubtful measurement can be accepted or rejected at the assumed significance level. This paper uses five statistical tests for identifying and rejecting outliers: the Q-Dixon test, the Grubbs test, as well as the Hampel test, the Iglewicz and Hoaglin test, and the Rosner test. The aim of this article is to try to identify the most suitable test for periodic piezometric measurements. The scope of the study includes the analysis of piezometric measurements for the Czaniec Dam for the multi-year period 2017‑2020.

Keywords

dam outlier observations safety seepage piezometer
Lach, S. (2021). Detection of Outlier Observations in Piezometric Measurements: A Case Study in the Southern Region of Poland. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 16(1), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2022.16.1.95
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams): Dam Failures Statistical Analysis. Bulletin, 99, Commission Internationale des Grands Barrages, Paris 1995.
  2. Living With Dams: Know Your Risks. Association of State Dam Safety, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/fema_living-with-dams_p-956.pdf [access: 21.10.2021].
  3. McCann M.: Learning from the US experience. International Water Power and Dam Construction, no. 12, 1998, pp. 30–32.
  4. Fiedler K., Hrabowski W.: Bezpieczeństwo budowli wodnych. Wydawnictwo Prasa ZSL, Warszawa 1980.
  5. Fell R., Foster M., Spannagle M.: The statistics of embankment dam failures and accidents. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 37, no. 5, 2000, pp. 1000–1024. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-030.
  6. Fiedler K.: Kilka uwag o awariach i katastrofach nasypowych budowli wodnych. [in:] Problemy budownictwa wodnego i gospodarki wodno-ściekowej w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem regionu Podkarpacia, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Rzeszowskiej, Rzeszów 2001, pp. 182–185 [conference materials].
  7. Fiedler K., Gamdzyk J., Jankowski W., Opyrchał L., Selerski S., Wita A., Wróblewski M: Awarie i katastrofy zapór – zagrożenia, ich przyczyny i skutki oraz działania zapobiegawcze, Monografie Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Warszawa 2007.
  8. Ribas J.R., Severo J.C.R., Guimaraes L.F., Perpetuo K.P.C.: A fuzzy FMEA assessment of hydroelectric earth dam failure modes: A case study in Central Brazil. Energy Reports, vol. 7, 2021, pp. 4412–4424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.012.
  9. Fry J.J.: Lessons on internal erosion in embankment dams from failures and physical models. [in:] Harris J., Whitehouse H., Moxon S. (eds.), Scour and Erosion, CRC Press, 2016, pp. 41–58.
  10. Crum D.: Rogue Piezometers. [in:] 21st Century Dam Design – Advances and Adaptations. 31st Annual USSD Conference. San Diego, California, April 11–15, 2011, U.S. Society on Dams, Denver 2011, pp. 1591–1602.
  11. Pelton F.: Guidelines for Instrumentation and Measurements for Monitoring Dam Performance. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston 2000.
  12. The Aging of Embankment Dams. United States Society on Dams, Committee on Materials for Embankment Dams, Denver 2010.
  13. Leng Y.B., Zhu W.Z., He J.: Current Situation and Prospects of Dike Anomaly and Infiltration Detecting Technology in China. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, no. 22(2), 2002, pp. 59–62.
  14. Molski T.: Ziemne budowle hydrotechniczne i ich podłoże w warunkach filtracji naporowej. Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich – Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas, nr 3/III, 2012, pp. 221–233.
  15. Foster M., Fell R.: Use of Event Trees to Estimate the Probability of Failure of Embankment Dams by Internal Erosion and Piping. [in:] Twentieth International Congress on Large Dams: 19–22 September 2000, Beijing, China; [transactions], Vol. 1, Question 76, International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), Paris 2000, pp. 237–260.
  16. Torres R.L.: Considerations for detection of internal erosion in embankment dams. [in:] GEO-Velopment: The Role of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in New and Redevelopment Projects, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009, pp. 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1061/41006(332)7.
  17. Wang Y., Guo N., Wang Sh., Gu Y.: Detection of Internal Erosion and Piping in Embankment Dams. [in:] Proceedings of the 2016 International Forum on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Atlantis Press, 2016, pp. 114–122. https://doi.org/10.2991/ifeesd-16.2016.21.
  18. Cwetschek-Wiśniewska M.: Filtracja wody w zaporze Smukała i wybór metod zabezpieczenia przed niekorzystnymi jej skutkami. Gospodarka Wodna, nr 4, 1998, pp. 147–148.
  19. Dłużewski J.M., Popielski P., Ciuhak K., Hrabowski W.: Stateczność skarp i osuwisk w ujęciu metody elementów skończonych. Inżynieria Morska i Geo- technika, nr 3, 1999, pp. 118–123.
  20. Bolt A., Szudek W., Duszyński R., Sukowski T.: Zabezpieczenie kanału odpływowego stopnia wodnego w Starszynie przed zjawiskami sufozyjnymi. Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika, nr 3, 2005, pp. 224–239.
  21. Richards K.S., Reddy K.R.: Critical appraisal of piping phenomena in earth dams. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 66, 2007, pp. 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-007-0095-0.
  22. Sterpejkowicz-Wersocki W., Szudek W.: Zabezpieczenie przed sufozją zapory w Smukale. [in:] Nachlik E. (red.), HYDROTECHNIKA X ’2008: sympozjum ogólnokrajowe: materiały, Ustroń, 13–15 Maja 2008, Śląska Rada Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej FSNT, Katowice 2008, pp. 167–174.
  23. Popielski P., Stasierski J., Wrzosek K.: Wykorzystanie trójwymiarowej analizy stateczności jako narzędzia wspomagania projektowania zapory w zmiennych warunkach geologicznych i morfologicznych. Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko, R. 108, z. 21, 2011, pp. 137–155.
  24. Finn W.D.L.: Finite-Element Analysis of seepage through dams. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, vol. 93, no. 6, 1967, pp. 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001074.
  25. Johansson S., Dahlin T.: Seepage monitoring in an earth embankment dam by repeated resistivity measurements. European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Geophysics, no. 1(3), 1996, pp. 229–247.
  26. Panthulu T.V., Krishnaiah C., Shirke J.M.: Detection of seepage paths in earth dams using self-potential and electrical resistivity methods. Engineering Geology, vol. 59, no. 3–4, 2001, pp. 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00082-X.
  27. Opyrchał L., Popielski P., Tomaszewicz A., Jankowski W.: Wpływ zmienności parametrów gruntu na współczynnik bezpieczeństwa skarpy oraz kształt krzywej poślizgu. Prace Naukowe Instytutu Geotechniki i Hydrotechniki Politechniki Wrocławskiej, vol. 75, nr 41, 2005, pp. 415–420.
  28. Radzicki K.: Wykorzystanie metod termodetekcji do badań filtracji w ziemnych budowlach piętrzących. Gospodarka Wodna, nr 9, 2005, pp. 372–376.
  29. Bolt A., Sukowski T., Szudek W.: Wykorzystanie modelowania numerycznego procesów sufozji w ocenie stanu i rewitalizacji małych elektrowni wodnych. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Gdańskiej. Budownictwo Lądowe, nr 57, 2006, pp. 335–342.
  30. Popielski P.: Wykorzystanie „analizy wstecz” i nowoczesnych badań gruntu do weryfikacji modeli numerycznych w geotechnice i hydrotechnice. Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska, z. 54, 2007, pp. 259–280.
  31. Popielski P., Stasierski J.: Możliwości zastosowania MES do oceny stateczności zboczy ziemnych. Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska, z. 54, 2007, pp. 281–291.
  32. Popielski P., Stasierski J.: Symulacja procesu deformacji wielkokubaturowych budowli ziemnych. Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko, R. 104, z. 1, 2007, pp. 117–127.
  33. Popielski P., Zaczek-Peplinska J.: Wykorzystanie modeli numerycznych w eksploatacji budowli piętrzących. Gospodarka Wodna, nr 2, 2008, pp. 73–80.
  34. Hung M.-H., Lauchle G.C., Wang M.C.: Seepage-Induced acoustic emission in granular soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 4, 2009, pp. 566–572. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4(566).
  35. Sjödahl P., Dahlin T., Johansson S.: Embankment dam seepage evaluation from resistivity monitoring data. Near Surface Geophysics, vol. 7(5), 2009, pp. 463–474. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146268.
  36. Radzicki K., Bonelli S.: Lokalizacja procesów filtracyjnych oraz określenie stopnia ich nasilenia za pomocą analizy modelem IRFTA światłowodowych pomiarów temperatury. Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko, R. 107, z. 1, 2010, pp. 55–62.
  37. Freeze A.: Influence of the unsaturated flow domain on seepage through earth dams. Water Resources Research, vol. 7, no. 4, 1971, pp. 929–941. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr007i004p00929.
  38. Gao Y., Jin F., Wang X., Wang J.: Finite Element Analysis of dam-reservoir interaction using high-order doubly asymptotic open boundary. [in:] Seismic Safety Evaluation of Concrete Dams: A Nonlinear Behavioral Approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013, pp. 173–198.
  39. Elliotis M.C.: A mathematical model for a steady-state seepage flow of groundwater under a reinforced concrete dam. Applied Computing and Geosciences, vol. 1, 2019, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2019.100003.
  40. Chandola V., Banerjee A., Kuma V.: Anomaly Detection: A Survey. ACM Com- puting Surveys, vol. 4, no. 3, 2009, pp. 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/1541880.1541882.
  41. Phoon K.-K., Kulhawy F.H.: Evaluation of geotechnical property variability. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 36, no. 4, 1999, pp. 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-039.
  42. Baecher G.B., Christian J.T.: Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2005.
  43. Zhang W.G., Goh A.T.C., Zhang Y.M., Chen Y.M., Xiao Y.: Assessment of soil liquefaction based on capacity energy concept and multivariate adaptive regression splines. Engineering Geology, vol. 188, no. 7, 2015, pp. 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.009.
  44. Zhang W.G., Goh A.T.C.: Multivariate adaptive regression splines and neural network models for prediction of pile drivability. Geoscience Frontiers, vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.10.003.
  45. Yong R., Ye J., Li B., Du S.: Determining the maximum sampling interval in rock joint roughness measurements using Fourier series. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 101, no. 1, 2018, pp. 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2017.11.008.
  46. Hawkins D.: Identification of Outliers. Chapman and Hall, London 1980.
  47. Yuen K.V., Mu H.Q.: A novel probabilistic method for robust parametric identification and outlier detection. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, vol. 30, 2012, pp. 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2012.06.002.
  48. Rousseeuw P.J.: Tutorial to robust statistics. Journal of Chemometrics, vol. 5, no. 1, 1991, pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050103.
  49. Han J., Kamber M.: Data Mining. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, New York 2001.
  50. Wang Y., Cao Z.J., Li D.Q.: Bayesian perspective on geotechnical variability and site characterization. Engineering Geology, vol. 203, 2016, pp. 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.08.017.
  51. Ching J., Phoon K.K.: Constructing site-specific multivariate probability distribution model using Bayesian machine learning. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 145, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001537.
  52. Zheng S., Zhu Y.-X., Li D.-Q., Cao Z.-J., Deng Q.-X., Phoon K.-K.: Probabilistic outlier detection for sparse multivariate geotechnical site investigation data using Bayesian learning. Geoscience Frontiers, vol. 12, 2021, pp. 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.03.017.
  53. Lach S., Opyrchał L.: Using the modified scalar product approach for testing the direction of seepage through the earth-fill dam in Pieczyska. Journal of Water and Land Development, no. 33, 2017, pp. 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0023.
  54. Kledyński Z.: Monitoring i diagnostyka budowli hydrotechnicznych. Cz. 1. Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, nr 2, 2011, pp. 54–61.
  55. Mroziński J.: Wartości graniczne i ostrzegawcze osiadań i filtracji dla jazu i zapory ziemnej stopnia Dębe. Gospodarka Wodna, nr 1, 1998, pp. 14–16.
  56. Kledyński Z.: Monitoring i diagnostyka budowli hydrotechnicznych. Cz. 2. Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, nr 3, 2011, pp. 36–38.
  57. Ustawa z dnia 7 lipca 1994 r. – Prawo budowlane. T.j. Dz.U. 2006 nr 156, poz. 1118 [Act of July 7, 1994 – Construction Law. Consolidated text Journal of Laws 2006 no. 156, item 1118].
  58. Ustawa z dnia 20 lipca 2017 r. – Prawo wodne. Dz.U. 2017 poz. 1566 [Act of 20 July 2017 – Water Law. Journal of Laws 2017, item 1566, as amended].
  59. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 20 kwietnia 2007 r. w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać budowle hydrotechniczne i ich usytuowanie. Dz.U. 2007 nr 86 poz. 579 [Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 20 April 2007 on technical conditions to be fulfilled by hydrotechnical structures and their location. Journal of Laws 2007 no. 86, item 579].
  60. Barnett V., Lewis T.: Outliers in Statistical Data. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey 1994.
  61. Verma S.P., Quiroz-Ruiz A.: Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 23, no. 2, 2006, pp. 133–161.
  62. Lach S.: The application of selected statistical tests in the detection and removal of outliers in water engineering data based on the example of piezometric measurements at the Dobczyce Dam over the period 2012–2016. E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 45, 2018, 00045. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500045.
  63. Grubbs F.E.: Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples. Technometrics, vol. 11, no. 1, 1969, pp. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1969.10490657.
  64. Konieczka P., Namieśnik J. (red.): Ocena i kontrola jakości wyników pomiarów analitycznych. Wydawnictwo WNT, Warszawa 2014.
  65. Gibbons R.D.: Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1994.
  66. Bałus S. et al. (red.): Kaskada rzeki Soły: zbiorniki Tresna, Porąbka, Czaniec. Monografie Budowli Hydrotechnicznych w Polsce, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Warszawa 2007.
  67. Tabachnick B.G., Fidell L.S.: Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson, London 2013.
  68. Dang X., Serfling R.: A numerical study of multiple imputation methods using nonparametric multivariate outlier identifiers and depth-based performance criteria with clinical laboratory data. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, vol. 81, no. 5, 2011, pp. 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949650903437842.
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 225 Download : 192

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.